Why are
there eunuchs in history? The group
of eunuchs is the victim of extreme power. In theory
, eunuchs appear when there are leaders, chiefs and kings in a certain place, and these people have many beautiful women. There is only one reason: beware of cuckoldry.
In order to greatly reduce the possibility of “being happy to be a father,” those in power are bound to let their harem have no man with sexual ability other than him, even if he is highly respected.
In the Tang Dynasty, there was an eminent monk, Dade, who was a disciple of Xuanzang. His name was Bianji.
As a disciple of Tang Sanzang, his Buddhism can not be said to be profound, his determination can not be said to be profound, and his morality can not be said to be the pacesetter of the whole people. But he still could not bear the loneliness, and the married Princess Gao Yang in the house wantonly sprinkled the sweat of love. After that, they also gave each other small gifts of love. It was these small gifts of love (Jinbao God Pillow) that led to the exposure of the matter, which provoked Emperor Taizong to fly into a rage and killed Bianji and more than ten slaves who helped him.
This is what happened to the eminent monk Dade, and it happened outside the palace. If it is a beautiful harem, there are a group of strong men of the right age, and a group of young girls who just close the moon and shy flowers, is this appropriate?
It’s not appropriate.
Since we can’t have men, we can only let them not be men.
At this time, it doesn’t matter whether it’s cruel or not, whether it’s kind or not. For the sake of the stability of the empire, the scene of the slaughter of ten thousand people is also there, not to mention only let a small number of men cut off the following thing?
Castration is the basic criterion for recruiting male attendants in the harem.
At this point, some people can not help but send out such a question: the harem can not have a man, why not only use the maid of honor? There are two reasons why
the harem can not only use palace ladies.
First, the strength of men is generally stronger than that of women. Experiments show that the average grip strength of young men is about 90 kg, while that of young women is about 50 kg. This is a universal physiological difference, which does not change because of human will. Men who have been castrated are also physically stronger than women, and probably stronger than ordinary men.
Figure: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Male and Female Grip Strength Data, 2011-2012
…
Figure: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), male and female grip strength data, 2011-2012 The
same is true for castrated male mammals. After castration, the animal spirit not only becomes more docile and obedient, but also has stronger physical strength and endurance, which makes the service longer.
As the saying goes, “If you want to practice this skill, you must first go to the palace.” A man who has been castrated will indeed become stronger. Their temperament is more obedient, and by the way, their lives are prolonged. Inha University in Korea calculated that the average life expectancy of court eunuchs was as high as 70 years, which was 15 to 20 years higher than that of normal men in three aristocratic families with the same living standard, according to the Korean Dynasty’s court record, Yang Pedigree. Such a long life naturally makes them more suitable for long-term work. The harem of
all Dynasties is not an ordinary bedroom, but thousands of bays, hundreds of thousands of square meters of vast world. There was not only the work of talking with the concubines, which did not require too much energy, but also the work of garrison and patrol. Almost every day in the palace, there were large and small items to be carried, as well as the tasks of carrying sedan chairs, repairing houses, carrying beams and laying bricks. Every day at dawn and dusk, the opening and closing of the gate also requires a strong person to push.
Photo: The eunuch who
carried the sedan chair for Cixi …
Photo: The eunuch
who carried the sedan chair for Empress Dowager Cixi Second, although the inner palace is separated from the outside world by a high wall, there is also a lot of work to be done.
Palace maids and concubines could not communicate with the outside world at will. But the harem is by no means a closed iron box with no news circulation. The emperor would not worry about the affairs of hundreds, thousands, or even tens of thousands of women, their food and clothing, and their etiquette (as the saying goes, “Men work outside, women work inside”), so he needed someone to communicate with the outside world and all walks of life. When
the emperor was resting in his harem, he also needed someone to pass on information and do things outside, which is what is called “communication inside and outside.”. As a rule, this kind of work can not be done by women, but by eunuchs.
Somebody sends out such doubt: Palace maid does not calculate the concubine of the emperor, did not wear the view of cuckold, why also forbid to go out?
In fact, although palace maids cannot be said to be the emperor’s daughters-in-law, they are actually the emperor’s “wives and concubines.”. There were dozens or hundreds of concubines
with rank, and hundreds or thousands of palace maids, who were not the emperor’s wives and concubines in reputation, but might still become the emperor’s wives and concubines.
Those little palace maids who worked hard in the palace for the concubines, as long as they had the chance to appear in front of the emperor, could not say that one day they would be pregnant with dragon seeds. Regardless of their status, they were likely to be favored by the emperor. The
emperor’s happiness is here, even when he is lucky, he can sleep wherever he wants, and sleep with whoever he wants, regardless of the occasion and etiquette. Sima Yu, Emperor Jianwen of
the Jin Dynasty, who had never had a son, was very distressed by this incident. Finally, he slept with Li Lingrong, a palace maid in a textile workshop whose complexion was as black as that of an African. Unexpectedly, this “Kunlun slave” was pregnant with a dragon seed and gave birth to several in succession. One of them was Sima Yao, Emperor Xiaowu of the Jin Dynasty. Among the emperors of the
Ming Dynasty, there were many whose mothers were originally palace maids, such as Zhu Youyu, Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yijun, Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Changluo, and so on. Zhu Youyu’s mother, surnamed Ji, was originally the daughter of a local official of an ethnic minority in Guangxi. During the Ming Dynasty’s conquest of Guangxi, she was captured and brought into the harem as a palace maid, responsible for the management of the warehouse (hidden place) of the inner palace. One day, Emperor Xianzong of the Ming Dynasty went to the warehouse, saw her, and asked her about the hidden situation. Seeing that she was articulate and beautiful, he became impulsive and had a relationship with her in the warehouse, so he had Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty.
Now, we assume that the maid went out to work, and when she came back, she was favored by the emperor, and when she was pregnant, who was it?
Photo: The new eunuchs and maids of the Qing Dynasty
. New eunuchs and palace
maids in the
Qing Dynasty So, unless they are dying of illness or something big, even the most ordinary palace maids are not allowed to go out easily until they have finished their service (usually at the age of 25 or 30). When they communicate with the outside world, they often look to the eunuchs who are responsible for “communication.”.
Eunuchs became the only group of people in the empire besides the emperor who could walk in front of the harem and even outside. They did the emperor’s housework and belonged to the emperor’s personal slaves. In many Dynasties, eunuchs were the ones the emperors knew and trusted most. At the same time, if they can get close to the power center, they will have the convenience of promotion and salary increase. Therefore, being a eunuch has become a good way out for the poor. This is much better than suffering from exorbitant taxes and weapons and suffering from hunger outside.
In the Ming Dynasty, when eunuchs were the most popular, people who volunteered to devote themselves lined up, waiting one by one to be cut, and those who had no money to cut simply brandished their knives from the palace.
In ancient China, where “there are three ways to be unfilial, and the greatest thing is to have no offspring,” the emperors, who were role models for all the people, were ambivalent when they saw this situation. They could only repeatedly issue orders forbidding people to leave the palace. However, people who have no way out will not be prevented by morality and etiquette from doing things that are essentially beneficial to themselves.
Although the empire repeatedly stressed the punishment of the palace, it could not stop the enthusiasm of the poor people to devote themselves.
Just like many people fake marriage and divorce for household registration and real estate. Faced with the temptation of huge interests, people no longer pay attention to morality and regulations, but to whether doing this is really beneficial to themselves. Not only for eunuchs, but also for emperors.
In fact, etiquette and morality are only the enlightenment tools of the empire. The emperor is the highest peak of power, and the system of the empire must be complete, strict and effective. The eunuch system is the steel lining of this strict system. Emperors should be responsible for the stability of the country, but this is not enough, they also need to maintain the rule of their own surname, clan, family and themselves over the country, which is the fundamental interest of emperors. Therefore, it is not only the biological instinct, but also the task of the emperor to carry on the family line, to keep the genes of a certain family free from external interference, and to continue the genes.
Power needs eunuchs, and eunuchs must appear. As for whether it is cruel or not, whether it conforms to the traditional moral values and whether it violates the provisions of the Empire on human rights, it is really a very minor matter. How were eunuchs castrated? Different
from everyone’s imagination, the most important way for eunuchs to purify their bodies is from the palace, followed by professional purification.
The main reason is that eunuchs are the choice of the poor who have no way out, and professionals charge high fees for professional castration.
Picture: An ordinary peasant household at the end of the Qing Dynasty. This is already a family with a good life
.
Photo: An ordinary peasant household at the end of the Qing dynasty.This was already a family with a fairly good living.According to the old eunuch Ren Futian,
the high cost was “a total of one hundred and eighty taels of silver.” (This fee is equal to the income of the workers at the bottom of the ancient city for four or five years, which is about 200,000 RMB.)
!
If he were an urban poor, he would not be able to take out so much even if he was killed. Not to mention the lower income of the country people, it is simply killing people.
Where there is cheating, there is DIY. If a haircut costs 50,000 yuan, do you still go to the barber shop? If you don’t go, you’ll buy a clipper and push it yourself.
By the same token, in order to save money, poor people in ancient times who wanted to become eunuchs often chose to castrate themselves, which is what we call “self-castration.”. The reason why Zi Gong is so famous is that it is too common. Xiao Dezhang, a great eunuch in the
late Qing Dynasty, was very poor when he was a child. When he was 12 years old, he was insulted by his cousin. In a rage, he picked up a sickle and a rope and castrated himself. When his mother found him, the blood was almost dry, and her mother rushed to him with incense ash, which was lucky to save her life. The reason
he left the palace was because his cousin had scolded him for making his life cheap, and his mother had said in frustration, “If a poor man wants to live, he has to work as an imperial servant!” To “work for the emperor” is to “work for the emperor,” that is, to “be a husband” and “be a eunuch.”.
Xiao Dezhang castrated himself and had subjective initiative. And many people are passive, belong to their own family, although it can also be called from the palace, but in fact it is forced. Ma Deqing, an old eunuch in the
late Qing Dynasty, was castrated by his father when he was nine years old.
Ma Deqing’s father was a very poor man. At that time, his life was different from what it is now. It doesn’t mean that you can have an income if you work. Ma Fu has been working hard in the medical industry (selling dogskin plasters) for so many years, but he hasn’t made any money. There is a man named Li Yuting in the neighboring village, who is a distant nephew of Ma Deqing’s mother. Since becoming a eunuch, the family has not only bought land, but also added several large animals. Ma Fu took a hot look and decided to let his child enter the palace.
That day, Ma Fu coaxed Ma Deqing to go to bed to play. Suddenly, he controlled the man and cut off his penis cleanly. Recalling the feeling of being cut, Ma Deqing said, “It really hurt me and scared me.”. I don’t know how many times I’ve fainted from the pain!
The bloody scene was the past that Ma Deqing dared not recall. I’m not afraid of losing face, but it’s really too painful.
Clean body size is an operation, is a technical work, not everyone can do. If you can’t do it, but you do it in disorder, it’s easy to kill people. In the
Tang Dynasty, An Lushan had a medical accident. He had a teenage attendant named Li Zhuer, who was very intelligent and attractive. In order to let Li Zhuer enter his private house and serve himself, An Lushan was so cruel that he decided to castrate him.
As a result, the big fat man took a shiny knife, personally pressed the young man with a confused face (An Lushan was good at catching people, weighing more than three hundred catties, but walking like flying), grabbed the young man’s little guy, and cut the little guy off with a knife.
The boy cried out, bleeding for a moment, all between his legs, and could not stop, dripping several liters (here a liter is about 200 ml), and almost died. After all, An Lushan loved him, and when he wept, he threw plant ash on it, and the bleeding stopped. According to the statistics of private castration incidents in ancient times, most of them talked about plant ash and incense burner ash. In fact, all kinds of plant charcoal medicines have the effect of stopping bleeding.
A day later, Li Zhuer finally woke up and somehow left a life. Since then, he has been dead set on staying with An Lushan, as a eunuch, very favored. Many years later, An Lushan was old, his eyes were not good, his back was sore, his mood was irritable, he could not sleep, others were not good, only when Li Zhuer touched him, he could fall asleep. It was Li Zhuer, who had been arranged by An Lushan all his life, who, because he was often beaten for no reason, cut open his master’s stomach with a knife and let An Lushan’s intestines flow all over the ground.
From the palace, not to mention postoperative maintenance, even basic hemostasis, can only use plant ash, incense ash, and no other more advanced technology. Many people died early after leaving the palace. They were not famous and could not be famous, so we have no way to know their names.
People are afraid of death, so many people still want to find professionals to do this.
In the Qing Dynasty, the department responsible for the purification of the body was initially the Ministry of Punishment, mainly for juveniles and young children among the prisoners. But in the Ministry of Punishment, there are a group of people who have lost their lives. The way they clean their bodies is too bad. They are old and dead. Even after questioning, they still can’t do it. They are still dead. Moreover, the number of eunuchs filled by the families of criminals was not enough, so the court gave the task to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The
Ministry of Internal Affairs also gave the work to the outside, but in fact it was still an iron connection, and they were looking for children from the people. During the reign of
Emperor Guangxu, there were two families in the capital, the “Bi Wu” of the Accounting Department Hutong on Nanchang Street and the “Xiao Dao Liu” of the Fangzhuan Hutong in Di’anmen, who specialized in contracting the cleansing business of the imperial palace. The parents of the
two families were officials of seven grades in the imperial court. They were both officials and businessmen, both good and evil. Every quarter, they had to pay tribute to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for as many as forty or fifty people. They propagandized the benefits of being a eunuch and dragged poor people into the water who did not know the benefits. Sometimes children were even abducted and sold for castration, because those who volunteered to be eunuchs could be charged, sent to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and received another share of the money. There are many versions circulating in society
about the process of eunuchs’ purification. The most famous one actually comes from the recollections of the old eunuch Zhang Fu in The Record of Palace Maids Talking about the Past:
The master of purification first lets the boy drink marijuana water, which has the effect of anesthesia. Then let people lie on the bed, hands and feet are tied firmly, people can not move. The first step is to cut the testicles. Cut open the scrotum on both sides, squeeze out the testicles, and then sprinkle pig gall on the wound. The 2nd pace, go the penis, cannot cut shallow, if there is stubble outside, must cut one knife again, till cut completely clean.
That little thing can’t be cut off and everything will be fine. It has to insert a barley stalk in the urethral orifice. Cut open the pig’s gall bladder in the shape of a butterfly and apply it to the wound. For more than a month, the patient lay in bed recovering from his injuries. What was cut was kept in a bamboo tube with lime by the master who cleaned the body, wrapped in red cloth, and hung on the beam together with the clean document. The future who is waiting to be cleaned has made a fortune and is redeemed with a large sum of money. Europeans who arrived in China during
the Tongzhi period also recorded the process of eunuch purification, but it was not quite the same as Zhang Fu’s recollections:
a purification operation usually required four people, one of whom performed the operation, and the remaining three were responsible for fixing the waist and hands and feet of the patient. Tie his lower abdomen and upper thighs tightly with white cloth, and lie on the bed in a semi-reclining position. Then wash it with warm pepper soup, and cut off the penis and scrotum with a sharp blade curved like a sickle. Immediately, a pewter plug was inserted into the urethra and the wound was covered with paper soaked in cold water. If
we compare other data, we can deduce the real purification procedure.
First of all, it is really necessary to drink anesthetics before cleaning the body. It is the anaesthetic of hemp water or aconite kind commonly, former contain anaesthetic sex colophony, can formulate anaesthetic; latter has aconite alkali, also can turn over person anaesthetic. After
drinking the anesthetic, people will be confused, but not faint. In a semi-conscious state, it is still very painful to be stabbed.
Body cleaning is usually carried out by several people at the same time, except for the main knife, the rest of the people are responsible for fixing and helping. After cleaning the surgical site (usually with pepper water), the castrated person is given a peeled egg in his mouth. This egg is not nutrition, but to prevent the castrated from shouting, while closing the airway, so that people can not bite the tongue.
At this time, the very fast clean master, with a polished blade, regardless of 3721, directly to the end, clean and quick to complete the task.
Different masters have different ways of pinching the genitals. Some use their hands directly; some use ropes, which can be pulled by people (Xiao Dezhang is pulling himself) or hung on the beams.
Aisin Gioro Heng Lan’s Miscellany of Eunuchs in the Qing Dynasty refers to the method of castration by hanging rope.
Figure: Sling castration
…
Photo: The method
of castration with a hanging rope. The knife-maker hurriedly put the egg into the mouth of the castrated person. Hold the scalpel in your right hand, grasp it to the place where it is being cut, and in an instant you will cut off the object.
This operation is so fast that it only takes one second. As the saying goes, “Practice makes perfect.” The Master will never give you a chance to stop.
Let’s discuss whether the eunuch will go or leave the penis.
Zhang Fu’s so-called castration first removes the testicles, then cuts off the penis, leaving the scrotum, has never been the mainstream of eunuchs, nor can it become the mainstream. We will talk about this in more detail. Anyhow, among them a reason is very simple, obviously want to cut off finally, how to still squeeze testicle first? The castration of people in
history is still common with one knife and all of them are removed, and few things are left behind. In the following two pictures, one is a photo of a small eunuch in the late Qing Dynasty, and the other is a pottery figurine of a eunuch buried with Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty. As can be seen from these two pictures, castration leaves nothing, neither the penis nor the scrotum.
Photo: Little eunuch
in the late Qing Dynasty …
Picture: Little Eunuch
in the Late Qing Dynasty Picture: Pottery Figurines of Eunuchs Buried with Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty (Part)
Figure: Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty buried with the eunuch terracotta figures (partial)
, etc. Cut off the whole below, and then the most important part of the operation is the plug work. A thin stick is inserted into the urethra, either a barley stalk or a matchstick, or a wax plug. This is the same reason as stuffing gauze into the chrysanthemum after hemorrhoid surgery. The purpose is to prevent the body from growing together. If you don’t do this, it’s very likely that you won’t be able to urinate. That’s the end. You’re going to suffer twice.
The next step is to apply medicine to the cut area.
Medicine methods are also different, some are very simple stickers, mixed with white wax and pepper powder, pepper has the effect of pain and insect killing. Some use fresh pig gall, cut into butterfly-shaped application, pig gall heat-clearing and detoxifying, modern research shows that pig gall can indeed diminish inflammation and resist allergy. Some use ointments to make very clean “sanitary cloths.”.
After the operation, the castrated person must be supported by others and paced in the room for 2 to 3 hours before being allowed to rest in bed. Forbid drinking water, in fact, from a few days before the operation has deliberately reduced the amount of water, three days after the operation to pull out the embolus, urine out of urine, half the success.
The other half, which is also the most troublesome, is the problem of postoperative maintenance.
If you want the incision to grow well in the future, you need to change the dressing every day. It is said that the wound can not be scabbed directly, it must be purulent and fleshy. Therefore, every time the dressing is changed, it has to be wiped back and forth, which is tantamount to stimulating the wound again, causing great pain to people, so there is often a pig-like cry in the clean place. The reason why body
cleansing surgery is also called “castration” is that the difficulty lies in removing the tendons at the root (the so-called “castration”). This tendon is exquisite, and it can’t be cut deep or shallow.
Cut deep, it is easy to form a pit, squat back to urinate, it is fan-shaped, everywhere, but also along the root of the leg, how disgusting, how disgusting, an impact is a lifetime. Even if the
cut is shallow, when the strength is restored, a tendon will protrude from the inside. When it comes out, it’s like a pestle. In the future, the harem will often organize a major inspection, often can not pass, then you have to suffer again, it is better to clean up at one time.
In the A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, it is said, “When you are an official, get rid of the tendons.” The so-called “Zongjin” refers to the tendons mentioned above. Men are supported by this thing.
Because of the dense nerves in the cut area, children often cry out in pain. At first, I stuffed an egg in my mouth and couldn’t call it out. The lower part of the body is like being clamped by pliers, and the body is twisted to reduce the pain. But the more you move, the more it hurts. Even after applying the ointment and drinking the marijuana water, it was much lighter, but it was still hard. In the future, changing the dressing every day is also a kind of tempering from hell, and every time you change it, you have to call it again.
In order to avoid affecting others, clean rooms are often far away from residential areas, giving children a single room that no one cares about.
Bi Wu and Xiao Dao Liu bought some necessary tools for the operation. “Having a set of equipment is always much more straightforward than Mr. Ma’s father.” They can reduce the death rate to a very low level, which can almost be said to be foolproof, after all, it is not good for anyone to kill people.
But then again. In order to save money, the clean place will try not to be unexpected. After the operation, they “don’t have any panacea for the pain or the bleeding.” “The knife used in the operation is disinfected by burning it on the fire.” They throw people on the bed, say a few words, and then leave. It takes a long time for someone to come in and beg, and then he gives you a ball filled with marijuana water to relieve the pain. You drink it for three days, and no one waits on you to feed you.
Only those “VIPs” who are willing to give more money will get preferential treatment and be given the ointment. However, the main ingredients of these medicines have long disappeared with the disappearance of knife craftsmen. A boy with his lower body
cut off will not be able to move normally for a hundred days. After that, they got used to squatting and urinating, and got used to the rancid smell under their crotch. Nine times out of ten people who
have been castrated will have problems urinating. Some of them are messy urine, and some of them are excreting endless filth. More than half of the people, not necessarily at any time, urine will flow out along the root of the leg. As a result, eunuchs always have a rotten smell on their bodies, which even the eunuchs themselves dislike. This is why Sima Qian called castration “corruption.”.
Those experienced eunuchs, besides being diligent in cleaning their lower bodies, also like to use vanilla to hide the smell.
In short, castration is painful, in addition to physical pain, there is also mental pain, they are not all human beings. The sad life of eunuchs is about to begin, and they basically have no money for surgery, which costs a lot of money. In order to save their lives, many people have borrowed money, and in the days to come, they have to work hard to repay the money. But also to save a large sum of money, because their “little baby” is still detained in the clean body, waiting to take the money to redeem it! Do eunuchs have physical needs?
Eunuchs are also human beings, and human beings will have feelings.
Although it is true that many eunuchs have strange temperaments, they have the same strong desires as normal people on most issues.
For example, many eunuchs are keen on prostitution.
As the saying goes, “Asking how much sorrow you can have is just like a group of eunuchs going to a brothel.” How can eunuchs go whoring without their sexual organs and sexual abilities? Isn’t this a joke? Therefore, many people think that eunuchs go to brothels is an anecdote, they left no happiness, only sadness.
But this is just wishful thinking.
In ancient times, many of the eunuchs who could move freely outside and had a little money went to brothels to visit prostitutes. In The Plum in the
Golden Vase, Ximen Qing’s wife Wu Yueniang chats with the prostitute Cassia. Cassia asked, “Didn’t you invite the two fathers-in-law today?” When Wu Yueh-niang said no, Cassia said resentfully, “Grandfather Liu is all right, but Grandfather Xue is so stubborn that he has pinched people out of their souls!” Two eunuchs,
Xue and Liu, were guests of honor of Ximen Qing. Both of them made friends in society and went whoring in brothels. The eun
uch surnamed Xue was very difficult to serve. He liked to pinch and twist women and hurt them half to death. Cassia was fed up with his anger, so when people talked about him, she hated him and felt that Grandfather Liu was better, at least not to abuse people. Hearing this, Wu Yueh-niang comforted her by saying, “You’re an official, and it’s nothing. Just let him play with it.” The implication is that eunuchs don’t have the style of a guy, so what else can they do?
This is a bit of standing and talking without pain, which belongs to “I don’t feel pain when the wound is on someone else’s waist.”. Cassia could only laugh and say, “That’s what I said.”. I begged Grandpa to tell Grandma to be gentle, but she wouldn’t listen.
It can be seen that eunuch Xue went whoring mainly by pinching.
Because they can’t have normal copulation, when they are excited, they will take the way of pinching and twisting their fingers to find sensory stimulation by listening to women’s screams and wails. Its abnormal place, also lies in this. In the music workshop of the capital of the
Ming Dynasty, there was a west courtyard, which was the outer residence of eunuchs, where the majority of middle-class eunuchs gathered. And the prostitutes here, although they make a lot of money, are despised by their peers. Because the object of their service is a group of people who do not have the ability to mate normally, they often have to suffer a lot. Tian Rucheng, the father of Tian Yiheng, a
writer, had a good relationship with a eunuch named Hou Yu when he was an official in Beijing. Because of the change of work, I want to go to Guangdong to be a scholar. When he left Beijing, Hou Yu sent him out of the city and sent him two beautiful women, one of whom was very beautiful, named Bai Xiu.
Tian Rucheng’s curiosity is also very heavy, has been wondering what the eunuch wants so many beautiful women to do? Ask Bai Xiu, by the way asked eunuch is how to do that kind of thing? It’s all painful to
recall. Pai Hsiu says, “Every time a woman is handed over, he (Hou Yu) will scratch and bite her all over her body until she sweats all over her body.” Those women who had been played with cried wolf all night until they were exhausted and collapsed on the bed, and it was difficult to raise their hands. In the next few days, I was sick.
Eunuchs do not have sexual organs, so they need to replace their missing parts with instruments. The tools of eunuchs’prostitution include tweezers, supports, hammers, supports, chains, whips, handcuffs, locks, ropes and sticks. It is no exaggeration to say that they have what they have now, and they have what they don’t have now. All sorts of things, all kinds of strange things, amazing.
During the reign of Emperor Chongzhen, in the Palace of Earthly Tranquility of Empress Zhou, a group of eunuchs wantonly abused palace maids and were reported by Tian Guifei. When Chongzhen learned of this, he was furious and ordered a raid. Sure enough, a large number of sexual abuse tools, also known as “sex tools,” were found, piled up like a hill. Some bold eunuchs would let prostitutes pretend to be eunuchs and invite them into the palace for whoring. The backyard of the king of a country has become a place for slaves to engage in prostitution. In addition to whoring
, eunuchs also rape. The method of
rape is nothing more than clenching teeth and grasping hands. In the last years of the
reign of Emperor Hongwu, Shi Yunchang, the inspector of Henan, investigated and handled a rather sensational case of rape by eunuchs.
He was on a private visit and heard a family gathering in the house crying. He went in to ask and learned that the daughter of the family had just been raped, and that the rapist was a eunuch who had gone out to work. The hateful thing was that the eunuch went back to the palace after he finished his work.
According to reason, when eunuchs commit crimes outside, they are under the control of the local authorities; when they commit crimes inside the palace, they are under the control of the palace. But if you commit a crime outside and go to the palace, what should you do?
It’s a bit like committing a crime at home and going abroad. Although there are certain ways, in fact, it is really difficult to do. In ancient times, when information was extremely underdeveloped and personnel were extremely dependent on personal relations, there was no way out for ordinary people. When
Shi Yunchang heard about it, he was filled with righteous indignation and reported the matter to the court. Finally, the eunuch who committed the crime was brought to justice. In the first year
of Jingtai (1450), Xu Gui joined the army on the right side of Datong and impeached Wei Lizhuan, the guard on the right side.
Wei Lizhuan was a promiscuous man who liked to rape his wives and killed people for it.
He didn’t rape one person, he raped a group of people, and he went after the officer’s wife. As a supervisor, he has such convenience. The daughters-in-law of the officers below, who were a little bit beautiful, could not escape his vicious hands.
Wei Lizhuan is a fastidious person, before looking for other people’s daughter-in-law, but also asked for their consent. If you agree, he will go up; if you don’t agree, he will go up. This is his “obedience test” of others, which combines the desire for power with the desire for sex. In this way, they seek the stimulation of power and sexual desire.
An officer who refused to allow him to “play with your wife” found an excuse and killed him. He also had sexual intercourse with his adopted son’s wife, which was actually rape. An adopted son did not agree to his request, and he actually shot the man. So arrogant, all because of holding power. Huo Xuan, who was governor of Datong
at that time, also risked his life to report Wei Lizhuan. He reported that he not only robbed civilian women as concubines, but also served them with prostitutes at banquets, which was as luxurious as an emperor. The level of banquets held by
a servant on weekdays can be compared with that of the emperor’s own brothers, which is the most intolerable thing for the emperor. Moreover, eunuchs rape civilian women, kill and steal goods, itself is also illegal. When the emperor knew it, he was very angry and transferred Wei Li to the imperial prison.
However, unlike ordinary people, many of the victims of eunuch rape are men.
Eunuchs have lost their lifeblood, and they have beautiful fantasies and impulsive desires for what they have lost. When they are catamites, they bite their mouths (touch their mouths with their hands).
“Farewell My Concubine” in the old eunuch is such a person, he has infinite love for the small bean’s sexual organ, not only took the white jade bowl to the small bean to urinate, but also knelt in front of him, holding the small bean’s sexual organ to vent his lust. This is not a “pure fabrication” by novelists, but the norm in history.
In the Ming Dynasty, there was a strong trend for eunuchs in the capital to go whoring with small singers (boys). A eunuch inserted the Jingdong human body (a masturbation stick used by women in ancient times) into the anus of a small singer. Because that thing is an adult product, the volume is too big, and the young singer is too young. After inserting it, it shrinks inside and can’t be pulled out. Finally, it swells people to death.
Eunuchs are both prostitutes and adulterers because they have desires and emotions. That being the case, it is perfectly normal for eunuchs to be keen on marrying.
In the Tang Dynasty, Gao Lishi, Li Fuguo and Ma Cunliang all had wives and concubines. In the middle and later periods of the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs and palace maids were free to fall in love, and in pairs they were called “pairs of food” or “vegetable households.”. They come and go, singing and supporting each other, just like couples outside, but not exactly the same.
Because the man does not have normal sexual organs, he can only do it in an uncomfortable way. The probability of eunuch’s wives and concubines turning to cheating is not low. Yang Jian, a eunuch in the
Song Dynasty, went to Zhengzhou on a business trip. There were still a large group of people at home in the capital, including dozens of concubines, enough to make up a large class.
In order to prevent their derailment, Yang Jian made a big lock in the middle door and the front door, forbidding anyone to enter and exit. At the meal time, the person who passes the food outside puts the food on a roulette wheel. The wheel is mounted on the wall, with a lintel at the top, which is so low that it can only pass the rice bowl. After putting the food away, turn the roulette wheel, and the dish will be over. After eating over there, put the things back and wash them by the people outside.
Despite this precaution, his concubine cheated on him.
The concubine was very young and full of emotion. When she was bored, she heard that there was a handsome man among the guests. At that time, she made up her mind that she must sleep with him.
That night, in the dead of night, the concubine took a ladder, climbed over the wall to the front yard, and knocked directly on the door to seduce the visitors.
From then on, there was no need for concubines to seduce them, and the visitors themselves climbed over the wall into the inner courtyard to communicate with their concubines in depth, and did not return until dawn. For so many days, the visitors were afraid, because every day they worked from midnight to the wee hours of the morning, so that they were “extremely sleepy.”.
One day, when they were busy, someone suddenly reported that Yang Jian had come back. In a panic, the visitor pulled out his cock and ran away, but because of overwork, the visitor climbed up the ladder and suddenly felt “two strands of weakness, unable to go back down.” He stayed on the wall and was known by Yang Jian. Yang Jian was originally a eunuch, and he was very familiar with the work of the eunuch, so he immediately asked several eunuchs to kill the guests.
Take a wife, go whoring, rape.. It can be seen that eunuchs also have strong physiological needs. Accompanied by the strong expectations of some eunuchs for the resurrection of Yang Dao, they did everything they could. During the reign of
Emperor Wanli, the tax envoy Gao [sh shμn] listened to the lies of the alchemists, believing that if he ate enough of a thousand children’s brains, he would be able to grow a penis again, so he bought countless abducted children (both male and female), knocked open their brains, took out their brains, and took them with medicine. However, this did not bring his penis back, but caused public anger, and eventually led to his loss of power. When Matte
o Ricci went to China to be an official, he met several eunuchs blocking his way in the palace. They had heard that a foreigner had come from the west of Thailand. They thought there might be some mysterious prescription, so they asked for a golden elixir that could revive the penis, which surprised Matteo Ricci. The “History of the
Ming Palace” records that the eunuchs in the palace liked to eat bull whips and donkey whips, which they called “pulling the mouth.”. There is also the “white waist of the sheep,” which is actually the testicles of the sheep. The most rare of these “aphrodisiacs” is the white stallion, which eunuchs call the “dragon’s egg.”. The practice of
eating the internal and external kidneys of animals has continued to the present. At barbecue stalls and hotpot restaurants in many cities, people can always come across men who eat red kidneys (sheep’s kidneys) and white kidneys (sheep’s testicles) in the hope of “strengthening their virility.” With roasted leeks sprinkled with cumin, they drink two catties of beer to welcome another night of insomnia and baldness.
The eunuchs get a stable job, but they lose part of their happiness. In order to find this happiness, they do everything they can and eat everything they can, but it always backfires. Inside and outside the
palace walls, a huge sense of emptiness enveloped the busy eunuchs all the time. Their joys and sorrows have existed clearly in the Forbidden City, but it is difficult for outsiders to know. What outsiders know is only the most curious part. Why are there so few good people among eunuchs?
“There are few good people among the eunuchs, and most of the palace maids are hard-hearted.” This is the original words in the Record of Palace Maids Talking about the Past.
Probably because the eunuch’s daily life is too depressing and desperate.
Since ancient times, apart from prisoners of war and sinners, most of the remaining eunuchs were down-and-out children whose families were so poor that they broke a penny into eight petals of flowers. The price of the
clean body operation is too high, and the death rate from the palace is too high, people who cherish life have to sign a loan contract with the clean body, and then slowly pay back after entering the post. As long as
the eunuchs decide to sell themselves, they have to sign various contracts of selling themselves with the clean place.
One is the exemption clause, which basically means that the operation is voluntary, and if something goes wrong, it has nothing to do with the clean body, and it’s all your fault.
One is the kind of loan contract mentioned earlier. The general content is that you choose to be a eunuch on your own initiative and find me a clean place to castrate you. Overall cost, including registration fee, operation fee, nutrition fee and nursing fee, how much does it cost altogether (one hundred and eighty taels of silver). Start charging from the day of lending, which is equal to how much money you owe us, how much is the monthly interest, less than a month by a month, how to roll interest, when to pay off.
This will kill the little eunuch. Ren Futian and Chi Huanqing, eunuchs at the end of the Qing Dynasty, recall, “When the child entered the palace, they let the Bi and Liu families deduct money from the month they were supposed to receive.” “If things don’t go so well after entering the palace, this debt won’t be repaid for more than a decade!” How much will be deducted from the
little eunuch’s “clean body loan” every month? It’s
about half the salary.
Here is a very interesting economic phenomenon, applicable to any time, any type of work, that is: in that capital to work at the bottom of the non-native, must pay a monthly share of the money, is exactly half of their wages. For example, the median wage in Beijing is 6900 yuan, so ordinary workers need to contribute about 3000 yuan.
Little eunuch is the same, as a beating worker, there is a working soul, there can never be any exemption. In the Qing Dynasty, the so-called third-class eunuchs at the lowest level had a monthly salary of two taels of silver + one bucket of rice + 600 yuan at public expense. They need at least one or two silver to repay the loan, and the rest must continue to save, leaving only a little money to maintain food and clothing.
The clean house will not take away all the wages of the little eunuchs, because what they want is continuous repayment, and repayment requires work, and work requires food and drink. If you drive people to death, you can’t pay back the money. Therefore, let the life of the little eunuch maintain a bottom line balance point. If
the little eunuch did not mix well, no one would look down on him. He would not only be beaten, scolded and abused by his master, but also be looked down upon by his colleagues. It is said that the six eunuchs are pure, but in fact they are not pure at all. After
becoming a eunuch, a person cannot go home unless he has a decree, or is old, or has a serious illness, and is allowed to go out of the palace for activities. Usually, if he does not go on a business trip (a business trip must have a waist card and a license issued by Jing Shi Fang), he usually stays in the palace, and sometimes he has to stay until he can’t do anything.
Only by becoming a big eunuch, going up step by step, and being appreciated by his master, can he get rid of the misfortune of being oppressed and bullied all his life.
Then do a good job!
Many people believe that as a waiter, a young eunuch who has just entered the workplace has to undergo a rigorous training. But in fact, there is no training class in the palace. The training was usually conducted during the waiting days outside the palace, but it was only some simple training, mainly learning “how to kneel, how to kowtow, and how to reply.”.
In the Qing Dynasty, new eunuchs had to enter the palace through a small door next to the Meridian Gate, with their heads down all the way to the Hall of Mental Cultivation, kneeling down and waiting for the leader’s choice. The person in charge of the selection is usually the queen. The empress was the head of the harem. As the saying goes, “The man is in charge of the outside, and the woman is in charge of the inside.” The emperor did not worry about the affairs of the harem, big or small. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, it was the Empress Dowager, Cixi, who chose the eunuch.
She asked a few words by name according to the roster provided by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Those whose names were called, if the answer satisfied her, stayed with her or the emperor, while the rest were assigned to various places according to their needs. If they really couldn’t be separated, they would go to the palace outside, because Wang Ye also had concubines and needed eunuchs, but the demand was much smaller.
According to the different places where eunuchs work, there are differences between eunuchs in front of the emperor, eunuchs in the palace, eunuchs in the palace and eunuchs outside the palace. Those in front of the emperor are the best, and they are also the most nervous; those outside the palace are free; those inside the palace depend on the place, if it is a remote, hard place, it is really bad luck for eight lifetimes. The little eunuch who
has just entered the palace may not have a clear goal, after all, he is very young. However, with the passage of time and the influence of the atmosphere in the palace, I later understood my position and future goals.
They will understand that according to the different ranks, the eunuchs in charge are divided into the chief, the deputy chief, the chief and the deputy chief, and the rest are ordinary eunuchs.
The little eunuch who is nothing, of course, is the lowest eunuch in general. Because the general eunuch also has two kinds of situations, divides the elder and the younger generation, the master and the apprentice. Newcomers don’t know anything when they first enter the workplace, so they have to learn from teachers. From then on, the master led the disciples to familiarize themselves with the environment in the palace, the etiquette of asking and answering questions, and the daily matters needing attention. Whether it can be done or not, whether it will be developed or not, all depends on whether the master cultivates it or not, and whether he has good fortune or not.
Little eunuchs may be assigned to any place to learn from unknown masters.
Uch as Imperial Kitchen. There are many people in the
palace, ranging from thousands to tens of thousands, and eating alone is a big problem. In the Imperial Kitchen, three chief eunuchs were arranged to hold the rank of assistant officer for the seventh grade. Leader of ten, are eight grade attendant. One hundred ordinary eunuchs are skilled cooks, as well as Chuan Cai Sheng. For
another example, there is a special department in charge of sanitation in the palace, which is called the cleaning department. There is a chief and seventy-five eunuchs in the cleaning department, who are specially responsible for the sanitation of all places, adding water to the water tank and sitting in the watch.
Figure: Palace Museum of the water tank
…
Figure: The water
tank of the Palace Museum has some chief eunuchs, saying that they are chiefs, but in fact they have no rank. For example, there is a chief eunuch in the North Small Garden, who leads six ordinary eunuchs, who are specially responsible for cultivating flowers and trees and cleaning. But this place is not a key position, so there are few people arranged, and the status of the eunuch in charge is not very high, so there is no rank. Eunuchs were on duty in
all the palaces. For example, in the Empress Dowager’s palace, there are two deputy chief eunuchs, all of whom are of the sixth rank, five chief eunuchs, all of whom are of the eighth rank, and 46 ordinary eunuchs. In addition, there was one head of the tea house, one head of the kitchen, and one head of the pharmacy. There were ten eunuchs in the tea house, twenty eunuchs in the kitchen, and six eunuchs in the pharmacy.
These people are responsible for the daily life of the empress Dowager, most of the time, do not have to worry about other things. But that’s enough to keep them busy. The other concubines also had their own eunuchs, and the number of them decreased according to their status. If
the little eunuch wants his own way, he has to be a snob and flatter, so that he can have a chance to show his face in front of his master. However, if the master is not favored at all and gets very little, the people at the bottom can’t help complaining, which is what the concubines often say, “If you can’t do it, even the people at the bottom will bully you.”.
In the old society, the master-apprentice system was popular, and the eunuchs in the palace also practiced the master-apprentice system. Under the master-apprentice system, the master’s spectrum is particularly large. Disciples should be cautious. They should carry excrement and urine for the master. Only when the master sleeps, can disciples sleep. Even if they sleep, they should sleep lightly. When the master calls in the middle of the night, they should get up immediately. If they get up late, they will be beaten. If you don’t understand a word at ordinary times, it’s good to say it all over your face.
The master usually does not tell the disciple clearly what to do and what not to do, but let the disciple understand it by himself. Those disciples who are not very talkative, who look dull and unlikable, walk on thin ice every day and are extremely depressed. In order to achieve financial freedom
, eunuchs must be in charge, but the success rate of changing from ordinary eunuchs to chief eunuchs and chief eunuchs is very low.
According to statistics, only less than 1% of eunuchs can eventually become chief managers. Only 10% of them can become leaders, which is no better than scholar in the scientific examination.
Eight grade attendant supervisor’s monthly money, also only four two + three buckets of rice + seven hundred Wen. Like the county magistrate outside, he could only live on his monthly salary and eat steamed buns. The chief magistrate is in the process of accepting bribes. The eunuch’s rule of making money is to “be in charge.” Only when he has something to do can he accept bribes from it and achieve financial freedom as soon as possible.
If you don’t want to be angry, you need to make unremitting efforts. However, nine times out of ten, the ordinary eunuchs were out of breath in the system of pressing one layer after another, and it was very difficult for them to come to the fore. The management of
the harem was very strict, and the eunuchs were subjected to inhuman treatment.
For example, working under Empress Dowager Cixi was often miserable. Cixi was not good at governing the country. She suffered from internal and external troubles. She was also depressed in the palace. She was often irritable and beat people because of a little thing. The eunuchs under her were quite beautiful among the eunuchs, but they lived in fear every day. Liu Xingqiao,
an old eunuch, said that eunuchs in the late Qing Dynasty all knew a very famous thing that happened to Cixi:
an old eunuch did not know which sentence made Cixi unhappy. She forced the old eunuch to eat shit, and the old eunuch had to eat a pile of shit, and finally died.
Every day, no less than a few dozen eunuchs were ordered to be beaten by the Empress Dowager Cixi, and they even had to sit together. If one eunuch in one place made a mistake, he would beat all the eunuchs there. Even the senior eunuchs who
served the supreme ruler of the empire had such treatment, not to mention most of the small eunuchs at the bottom. Cixi, on the other hand, was famous for her understanding of slaves. I don’t know how cruel it will be if I think of those cruel monarchs recorded in history books who get angry at every turn and beat people to death and disability.
Many eunuchs fled because their lives were too depressing and their personalities were insulted. On June 16, the eighth year
of Tongzhi (1869), a eunuch of Shengping Department escaped, which was the sixth time he had escaped. In the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Daoguang (1840), Shen Xing Si disposed of four escaped eunuchs and sent them to Heilongjiang to work as slaves for the people in armor (soldiers).
Most of the eunuchs were firmly pressed in the place, unable to go out, unable to hand over to the outside, only obedient work, honest wages, it is difficult to come out. Therefore, it is also very common for them to deduct one or two taels of silver a month from the one hundred taels of silver they borrowed at the beginning of the purification operation, and they will not be able to pay it off for more than ten years.
This is the life path of an ordinary eunuch.
We often make the mistake that when we talk about eunuchs, we think of Li Lianying. It’s like thinking of Ma Yun when you say his surname is Ma-most people’s lives are not like that at all.
The eunuch worked for more than ten or twenty years and finally paid off the loan, but is that the end?
It’s fantastic!
As we have said before, eunuchs have lost their roots and power since they entered the palace, which is their lifelong regret and shame. When they are old, they will leave the palace. Some went back to their hometowns, some stayed in the capital, and eventually the eunuchs who stayed in the capital were buried in a place called Zhongguan Village. The eunuchs were from the palace and were called “Zhongguan,” so the cemetery where they were buried was called Zhongguan Village, which was later renamed Zhongguancun.
The eunuchs all wanted to be complete human beings in the afterlife, and when they went down, they had to take their lifeblood with them–they called it a “treasure.”. But the treasure can not be taken to the palace, the palace is not allowed to have that thing, so, after the lifeblood was cut off, it was kept in the clean place.
…
From the moment you get this thing, the clean place controls the fate of the castrated.
Master Jingshen put other people’s fates in a box full of lime powder to dry and preserve, then wrapped them in red cloth and hung them on a beam, which is called “rising step by step.”.
It is said to help preserve, but in fact it is another profitable project. They also like to preach that “people should go down to the bottom completely,” and when the eunuchs work hard to save a sum of money, they will be able to redeem their lifeblood. And this price is very high, and it can be said to be “asking for a price.”.
For the eunuchs, it is as important to get their lifeblood back as it is for the students to get the admission notice. Even if there is a person in the middle who wants money, he has to give it.
When the eunuch has paid off the loan and redeemed the “treasure,” he can achieve “financial freedom.”. However, it is followed by another worrying thing-retirement.
By this time, most eunuchs were already over fifty years old, and for many, their careers at this age were already set, and there was no room for improvement-and so was most people’s lives.
In fact, there are still a few eunuchs who can go to nursing homes, and there are also a few eunuchs who can go to temples specially opened by the imperial court to provide for the aged.
Because we need money to provide for the aged, and there are no idle people anywhere. The eunuchs in the
temple all have to work, and if they can’t do it, unless they make friends with deep feelings and loyalty, they will be driven out if they are rejected. Although the various old-age monasteries sponsored by
the Eunuchs’ Association for the Aged are “old women’s paradise” outside the palace, and have a certain public welfare nature, they all need places to eat, drink, and sleep, and they need money and food, so how can they not charge?
This is another thing that requires eunuchs to work hard to save money, and it still needs one hundred taels of silver, which should be paid three years before retirement. Many of the eunuchs could not get out at all, so they were not qualified to go in. Therefore, “after they left the palace, they had to wander around and finally died of cold and hunger.”.
Photo: Eunuchs
expelled from the palace in the Republic of China.
Photo: In the Republic of China, the eunuch
Xiaomin, who was expelled from the palace, was busy giving birth to four or five sons, just gambling on having one or two successful ones. There are also cases where children are not filial, but very few, and the degree of complete neglect is also very different. The eunuchs had no children, so they all wanted to have adopted sons. As a result, some people had many “adopted sons.”. However, only the rich and powerful ones have adopted sons, and most of them do not. Even if there is, the dry will only be more than close to the wind.
Eunuchs have no queen, but they have their parents, who usually die before them.
As for themselves, when they can’t work, when they are squeezed out of the last drop of oil, when they leave the palace. Since they can’t do it, they can’t do the work in society, and they have no home, so many times, they are lonely and helpless, and they are starved to death and frozen to death.
Since most eunuchs are so bitter, how can anyone be willing to be an eunuch? Again, no matter how hard eunuchs live, they are better than most of the poor people in the countryside. At least
the eunuch had more than two taels of money a month, and if he worked harder, he could have four taels or eight taels. The average farmer earns only two to seven cents a month, which is the income from farming and selling grain. The land may also be rented, so he needs to take half of the grain to pay the rent, and the rest to feed the whole family.
Photo: Refugees
in the late Qing Dynasty … In many historical periods of refugees
in the
late Qing Dynasty, there were nine disasters in ten years, and there were two or three disasters in good times. But just as you suddenly lose your job, the rent will not be exempted, and the landlord’s rent will not be exempted because of the disaster. During the years of famine, eunuchs still had food and drink. The old eunuchs who lived in the Wanshou Xinglong Temple next to the palace could eat the leftovers sent from the palace. Although humble, but at least there is a stutter. In many cases, farmers don’t even have leftovers to eat. Who would become a eunuch
if it were not so hard that he could not go on? Inside
the Forbidden City, under the high walls, was the residence of the emperor alone, where the eunuchs were mere slaves serving the private lives of the emperor and his family, and few people really cared about them. After
the Revolution of 1911, the emperor was gone, but the palace was still there. The little imperial Dynasty, known as Xuantong, had fewer eunuchs than before. These people also know that the general trend has gone, all miss the good days when the Qing Dynasty was still alive, many people do think so, but also to the wealth of the little emperor, how much can be the pit.
Photo: “Beijing Coup”, Puyi was expelled from the palace by the military police, the eunuchs are carrying luggage
out … In
the “coup d’etat in Beijing”, Puyi was expelled from the palace by the military police, and the eunuchs were carrying their luggage
out. It was not until 1924 that the eunuchs and the emperor were expelled from the palace by Feng Yuxiang, announcing the end of this group of slaves serving the royal family.
Those tens of millions of eunuchs also disappeared at the end of the imperial era, and there was no stage or cage.
References:
1. New History of the Tang Dynasty, Biographies No.8, Emperors and Princesses
2. History of the Jin Dynasty, Biographies Volume 32, Biographies No.2
3. History of the Ming Dynasty, Biographies
of Empresses and Concubines 4. National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference Research Committee on Literature and History Materials, Selected Literature and History Materials, Vol. 47 [M]. 1964. P. 25
5. Research Committee on Cultural and Historical Materials of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Court Life in the Late Qing Dynasty [M]. 1982. P. 173
6. Yu Huaqing. History of Chinese Eunuch System [M]. 2006. Page 35
7. Land. Palace Archives [M]. 1994. P. 265
. 8. Jin Yi. Records of Palace Ladies Talking about the Past [M]. 2010. Page 329
9. Tian Yiheng of the Ming Dynasty, Liu Qing Ri Zha, Eunuch Wife
10. Zha Shenxing of the Qing Dynasty, Records of the People’s Sea, Tian Fei of the Zhou Dynasty
11. Biography
of Xu Gui of the Ming Dynasty 12. Hong Mai of the Southern Song Dynasty. Yi Jian Zhi, Volume 8
13. Ming · Shen Defu, Wanli Yehuo Bian, Volume 28
14. Yu Hexiang. Chinese Traditional Sexual Customs and Their Cultural Essence [M]. 2014. Page 269
15. Xin Xiuming. Eunuch Talks [M]. 2010. Page 159
16. Research Committee of Cultural and Historical Materials of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Court Life in the Late Qing Dynasty [M]. 1982. 178
17. Lu Lu. Palace Archives [M]. 1994. Page 317
18. Xin Xiuming. Eunuch Talks [M]. 2010. Page 243
19. Fang Xing. On Ancient Chinese Economy [M]. 2015. Page 233
