What about Turing?
Introduction to a genius – Turing.
The film “Imitation Game” was actually adapted from The Turing Book.
Why is Turing God? First of all, he’s a schoolboy, much smarter than us. He was the youngest lecturer in the history of Cambridge University and was said to have spent half a day at Cambridge University at the time of his appointment to commemorate this historic moment. We Chinese are used to the schoolhouse, and we don’t think it’s any big deal.
But if I tell you that Turing has changed the course of human civilization twice in his life, and has changed it in two completely different fields and in a completely different way, are we, the descendants, to take off his hat?
The first thing, of course, is he invented the famous Turing machine. All our computers today have developed on that prototype, and today, whether on the keyboard, or on the phone, they work on a Turing machine.
Of course, don’t get me wrong. The Turing machine is not a built machine, it’s just an advanced theoretical model. And Turing came in 1936, when he was only 24 years old.
And one more thing, it’s not the result of a big, expensive, long-term research project, it’s just a piece of 24-year-old Turing’s mind that floats out of his head. Why? Because the idea of a Turing machine was first presented in its entirety in a footnote to his paper. Or what, in the ’20s, ’60s, the American Computer Institute named their prizes the Turings?
You know, Turing is British, the real computer inventor von Neumann is American, and the Americans don’t use von Neumann to name it, but rather to name it with Turing, which is now the Nobel Prize in the computer world, and we Chinese received it once, and a professor from Qinghua University received the Turing Prize in 2000.
The second point is the contribution of Turing as the leading British password-breaking expert during the Second World War. Of course, his experience is still so confused to this day, because the British feel that it is top secret, and until today a large number of file files remain unclassified, and historians can only judge what Turing did through the tiny claws of some information at the time.
Some historians have come to the conclusion that Turing, with his personal strength, saved at least tens of millions of lives by bringing the Second World War to an end at least two years early. Of course, the calculations made by the professor of humanities believe you can do it yourself, but after I read The Taling, at least I can’t believe Turing’s credit is excessive.
So what’s code science for? Of course it’s deciphering information. How can I fight a war between two countries, under conditions of modern war, when you have no idea what I’m doing and I know what you’re doing as well as looking at fish in a bath tub? Hitler has lost nothing. Certainly not to say that there was only Turing in the Second World War, but he was indeed a very important factor.
In Western civilization, the password is a very simple thing, which is to mess up the alphabetical order. For example, Caesar, the first one to invent the code, he invented it, and if I’m going to send a message to the generals on the front line, we’re going to agree on another alphabet. A, for example, in my writing, it becomes K, and J, and it becomes Z, and we have a deal, and then I use the agreed code, and I write it in a normal letter, and the enemy doesn’t understand it.
But there’s a problem with this code, because it doesn’t hold up big data, because you know that in any language, one letter, in a word, the frequency of its occurrence can be measured. As long as the information was sufficient, it would soon be possible to know which letter you had replaced and which letter, and to do a little homework, which code would be deciphered.
But before the Second World War, the Germans had invented a code system, which was called success or failure or failure. The password system was put on a machine, the so-called Enigma, and the word “Ngo” was a transliteration, the original meaning of “mystery” and called “mystery.” Since the Germans had a particularly large number of these password machines, there were now special collections on the market.
What good is this machine? As you know, until today we human beings face the dilemma that if you want more security, you must bear and face more trouble. Just like the more secure we’re in the computer system, the more secure we’re going to be, the longer we’re going to set the password, the less convenient it is for you to use. But the Enigma machine, or the puzzle machine, solves the problem, it’s safe and convenient, and the Germans are smart.
What exactly is the Enigma? Because it’s complicated, I can only introduce you. It’s also the principle of Caesar’s code, but it’s a letter that goes in, and it’s going to be 15 trillions of possibilities for each of the final output of the letters, and the Germans do it through a machine.
What is the concept of 15 trillion? It’s 15 and 18 zeros. You can try it slowly, you can try to decipher it, but it might take a big team thousands of years to decipher it, and it’s very safe.
At the same time, it is particularly convenient, because the image of the puzzler is a little bit like a typewriter, and if you throw the password file in by the keyboard on the typewriter, by one letter, there is another letter light on its screen. Just a cipher copying the bright letter will restore the normal message that we’re about to convey. It really takes a minute to teach the operation.
When the system was invented, the Germans felt so confident that the enigma, or Enigma, was a code machine commonly used by Germans during the Second World War. The code of that time is the battleground of mathematicians against each other, and people like Turing have a place to use. By the way, of course, after the Second World War there was actually a small shift in the human password system.
For example, the preface to this book was written by Mr. Mahee Won, who told her when she went to college that the password was no longer a small track, that’s math, that’s my algorithm you don’t know. What if your password system becomes extremely fragile when the other one knows? After World War II, what kind of password system would humans prefer? It’s a big waist, a stupid black and white.
To be honest, I’d even tell you the code, the decryption program, you’d find the fastest computer in the world. You’re done, and it’s probably a year later, because it’s too much, and one year later my password has expired, and that’s the safest one. Now, of course, I’ve seen people say that as the quantum computer calculates more rapidly, this code may not be safe. That’s later.
In short, we went back to World War II. The Germans feel confident that no one can crack this Enigma machine. Of course, there are those who are only one step away from success, and that is the Pole.
Why would a Pole break the code? Because this people was divided three times in history, before the Second World War, they knew that a German on this side and a Soviet on the other side would certainly be going after me. When, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how, how and how?
Poland did create a group of cipherists, and then it was close to the decryption machine, but it didn’t work, because the Germans were changing. On September 1, 1939, the Germans crossed the Polish-German border and launched the Second World War. By August, the Poles had handed over the system to the British, who had raised their thumbs at the Poles, saying that they were like a knight who handed his sword to his comrades before he fell.
So the ball is at the feet of the British. Isn’t your empire a gift? You can do it. Can you crack the code? The English were also a fog at first, and they couldn’t find the north. But the British have a long way to go, and it was during World War II that they demonstrated a very rare kind of persistence and indulence, a willingness to suffer and to invest.
They set up a deciphered base camp in Bletcheli Park, 100 kilometres north of London, where at most tens of thousands of people were committed to breaking Hitler’s password. Every day, German cables were intercepted in large quantities, and they were written in code. When could they be deciphered? Even a piece of paper. Nobody knows. Everybody’s waiting outside.
Of course it includes Turing, what’s going on in Turing’s head, when many people didn’t really know what Turing was doing there, and many guards didn’t know, because he’d been wearing clothes all day and looked like a piece of shit. He was often stopped for questioning in Bletcheley Park. Few people actually know exactly what they’re doing, only that they’re doing something important. Because of what mathematicians think, we can’t even say it in easy language until today, not to mention the people who were there?
Turning back now, we have no idea which are the foundations laid by the Poles and which are the innovations of Turing. But we can clearly see two things: Turing believes in two forces.
The first is to believe in the machine to the machine, because the Engue Puzzle is a machine, and if I use my manpower against you, it’s natural to get down. Turing insisted on building a machine, which is now called a bomb machine, which is a translation of The Taling; I also saw another translation, called dessert.
We saw that machine in the film “Imitation Game” — that’s the size of a wall, that’s a little circle, that’s a bomb. Later, the British were able to decipher the German code by using this machine against the machine.
Of course, Turing is also convinced that the second force is the lack of humanity. Because the password is a mathematical phenomenon, it’s a dead one; the machine is a physical phenomenon, it’s a dead one. If you want to decipher it, you have to believe that the man who uses machines and mathematics is flawed, because the Germans on the other side are human, and the German’s personality defect is a bit rigid.
Turing used a series of methods, and he found that the Germans often used keys, and it was often the two letters that were adjacent, like AB, or CD, which was a German custom. This eases a large portion of the calculated amount.
He found, for example, a telegram sent by the Germans, and there were often fixed statements, such as today’s Sunday, how is the weather today? More importantly, the phrase “Hail Hitler” is often an important clue to his ability to capture each other’s password.
In addition, Turing induces the other to send a fixed message, and then to judge what the other’s password is through a set of mathematical algorithms, which, of course, is extremely confusing, without repeating it.
In sum, during 1941 and 1942, Turing deciphered the puzzle. The result is that the British know Hitler’s every move, but the trouble with the British is that I have to pretend not to know because I can’t let the Germans know I broke it.
Because the Germans aren’t stupid, and if they find out how the British beat me up recently, is it true that the code was broken? If the Germans were aware of this, the work that Turing had done earlier would have been lost if only a few settings had been changed on the Enigma. How much time would it take to recalculate? How many more died in this period? The British had to start playing dumb at that time.
For example, when the German fleet arrived and you knew it was here, you couldn’t just send a bomber to blow it up, and you had to send a reconnaissance aircraft to pretend you were here and “discovered” and then go back to the bomber.
The most dangerous of these was the discovery by the British of the whereabouts of nine tankers in Germany. Germany’s energy was already strained by the time, and if nine tankers were blown, this would have been a huge blow to Germany’s fighting power. The British are itching, and the big fat is trying to eat it, but not dare, so let’s say nine blow it up and leave two to escape so that the Germans don’t suspect the code is broken.
But the Germans were unfortunate and the British were too insidious, and after the last two tankers had escaped, they met the British fleet and were sunk. This is actually a very good chance for the Germans to find out the code was broken, but the Germans didn’t find out. Why? Because they were so confident in the Enigma machine that it could never be deciphered.
Later in World War II, while the system had been upgraded by the Germans, it had not been completely destroyed or abandoned, leaving a great deal of space for the British. The British did nothing during the Second World War, from the Great Dunkirk retreat to the Normandy landing. It fought the Germans mostly in two battles, one at sea and the other in North Africa.
In 1941, the British Navy fought a great victory, surrounding the German Navy’s proud warship, the Bismarck. In 1942, Field Marshal Montgomery led a British tank unit that eliminated in North Africa the German-named Desert Fox. Behind these two victories were the British’s possession of German intelligence.
The other thing, of course, is that Britain’s geographical location is a sea island, and much of its food has to be transported back from allies, especially from the United States. But the Germans had a U-boat, a pack of wolves, sunk its merchant ship. At one point, the supply of goods in the United Kingdom was strained to only one week left for the whole of the three islands in England, and the situation was very dangerous, as it looked like people were starving. But the loss of the British merchant ship was rapidly reduced by Turing the password system.
I’ve seen the translator of this book, Mr. Sun Tinzi, who showed me a picture of how much the loss of the British merchant ship has fallen, 75 per cent, since it was deciphered in Turing. Then the Germans upgraded the Enigma machine, and as soon as it escalated, the loss of the British merchant ship surged. But then again, Turing and his team deciphered the new machine of the Germans and lost it, and saw it very clearly in this curve.
Where is the war, as we normally imagine, just about soldiers and generals on the battlefield? How many mathematicians and passwords are behind this; they are substantially influencing the course of war. Churchill then said that we were fighting this war with the enemy’s pulse and that we all knew what they were doing. And whose credit is this? Of course, the scholars in Bletcheri Park, 100 kilometres north of London, including Turing.
But they didn’t enjoy the dividends of victory. Why? Can’t say. The British first fought World War II and began to die with the Soviets at the end of World War II. What happened in Bletcheri Park has been a state secret.
There were many tragedies, such as a staff member with Turing, whose teacher wrote to him, saying that you were young and watched other young people shed blood for the country. Where were you? Scold him. This man can’t say anything.
Turing was, in fact, the same thing, when the war was nearing victory in 1945, when he was alone walking with him in the woods of Bletcheri Park, telling him that the war was about to be won, and that your work during that period could finally be brought to light. Turing says, how can you be so childish? That’s impossible.
Indeed, then Churchill ordered that the bomb machine that you used to decipher the German machine during the war, in total, over 210, destroy all of it, including the graphics that designed it, and destroy all of it at all. Why? Because the British never wanted the Soviets to know that Britain was actually holding the German pulse.
How much did Turing actually contribute during World War II, and we can only look at it in one way or another. If it’s normal, it can’t die. But Turing’s got back. Why? He also contributed to humanity by creating the Turing machine.
We have already mentioned the Turing machine, and it is now recognized that the inventor of the computer is American scientist von Neumann, but von Neumann himself admits that all the sources of thought are Turing, that I am at best a computer midwife and that I was only born for it.
Why is Turing so cool? First, let’s just say what the Turing machine is. The Turing machine is the idea of an infinity long paper tape, with one cell, one black, one white, one black, one white.
Turing imagines that if there’s a print head that can read the state of this cell, whether it’s 1 or 0, and it can be gravitated, then the cell moves in front of the probe, and I can program the path of the probe and influence the calculation. I can’t say it in more detail. In any case, all I have to do is program this probe in this way, and I can come up with a calculation, that’s the machine in this scenario.
You think this is great? Of course it’s great. First of all, 24-year-old Turing had thought that it would take imagination to get humans out of their familiar Decimals and to use machines to more easily identify and read and write binarys for machine computing. Moreover, Turing’s mindset went beyond what was then.
Before him, humans had many machines, which were also powerful, from the earliest steam engine to later planes, cannons, cars, which by their very nature were the extension and replacement of human limbs. It’s just the use of the new energy at the time, the kind of coal, the power of electricity, the power of these machines, which replaces human legs that can run so fast and even fly up to the sky, but they can only operate under human control.
But the essence of the Turing machine is different. It is not a simple extension and replacement of human limbs. It is a reproduction and reproduction of human thinking. This is the ambition of the Turing machine. The human process of thinking is the same as that of the Turing machine, which enters a message, then programs, processes, produces a result, then enters it back, then we process it, and then we get the results. It’s a process that goes back and forth, one step at a time.
Turing’s ambition was not just to unload humans at the time with a heavy calculus burden, to replace the technical objective of calculating such a shallow layer with a machine, but he was thinking about a philosophical issue. What kind of questions did Turing have in mind throughout his life after the Second World War?
For example, a machine can’t have intelligence? Is man a machine? If an ant, as a neuron, communicates with each other, aggregating a giant nest, is that a brain? So if I replace a single ant with a transistor, so that the transistor also interacts with a neurons, can I create another human brain? If this brain comes out, will it be intelligent?
If it had intelligence, would it have made mistakes like people? Is it emotional? Is it depressed? Would you like it? Turing is thinking about it all. These problems have only flourished in recent years in the scientific and technological community in the interior of China because the subject of artificial intelligence is hot.
In fact, in Turing, decades ago, the starting point for his thinking was these. Where Turing is just the father of computer science, he is also the father of artificial intelligence.
So far, we’ve decided whether a machine has artificial intelligence or a set of tests that Turing invented that year, the famous Turing Test. Where’s Turing just a scientist? He’s a great god because he’s a philosopher.
With all the things we’ve just presented, we’ve created an image of a great godly Turing. We’re smart, we’ve got a lot of credit. But if you take him back from the altar and look at this guy again in everyday life, what is he? There’s a lot of details in this “Turing.”
To sum up, he’s the image of a comnon that we’ve seen today in many of China’s Internet companies. He’s a typical technologist. You don’t usually fix the edges, sometimes you talk to him, and you think he’s confused, you don’t know what he’s thinking, and he’s in his own world.
Where did Turing work in World War II? Bletchley Park, which is a state-level security unit. The cops aren’t vegetarians. Must have been a spy. He was arrested several times.
And this guy’s a little neurotic, he’s a mathematician neurotic, he’s always counting in his heart. He’s got a broken bike. How far? It’s 12 times a day. People must have sent them to fix it. No, Turing, mathematician, once he’s got it, he’s going to do it mathematically. 12 times in your heart, just hold on, make sure you don’t lose the chain.
And then I got tired, and I said, “Well, I made a handmade counter on this bike, and I was staring at it, and once I got to 12, and that’s what Turing is. Although many friends in daily life said he was very good at dealing with them, he lacked the capacity to deal with his own social affairs and was very incompetent in that regard.
To give one example, he was very upset about one thing, the pollen allergies. He was desperate to report to the leadership that I needed a gas mask. It’s hard for the leadership, first of all, to be nervous during the war, and how can you work with him every day with a gas mask that is so ugly in your work?
He wrote to British Prime Minister Churchill for such a thing. Churchill was very interesting to say that Dr. Turing’s need for this gas mask was a matter of strategic success or failure in our country. This is the work that the leader personally supervised, which he put on.
It’s so weird that you can fix that scene with a broken bike and a gas mask.
And Turing did an absurd thing during World War II, and he did not think Britain would be able to win, and he was always worried about what Hitler would do if he could call. I’ve done so much for the British government, I’m sure the property will be confiscated. He came up with a plan, sold a lot of household property, bought two silver bars. He was advised to deposit it with the Bank of England, but he did not believe that sooner or later the Bank of England would collapse and return to Hitler.
What about the silver? He looked for a forest and buried a silver sun. Another bridge by the riverbed was found, another silver sun was buried in the riverbed, and a large number of maps, signs were made and I thought I would dig once the war was over.
Then the war ended, and Britain blew up, and it was a mess, and there was no reference. Turing’s a fool. He’ll never find the silver. The guy then made himself a metal detector, looked everywhere in the woods, in the river lanes, and didn’t find it.
During World War II, Turing was sad. What if I don’t eat? He used his income to hoard a lot of razor blades and said he would sell them once he had no food.
Of course, today we talk about Turing, which is all small things, and the only thing we cannot avoid is his sexual orientation, which is gay. The perception of homosexuality was different from that of today, when it was considered to be moral corruption.
Whether in that film or in this book, the traces of the first half of the homosexual life of the man Turing are rarely mentioned, as he did very secretly.
But in December of 1951, he finally met Krrish because he was gay. The young boy, 19 years old, named Murray, is a jobless traveler, and usually has a bad habit of petty theft, which is typical of the bottom-class youth, but because people are handsome, Turing gets along with him.
Turing found out after a while. Why did you steal? I stole something worth 50 pounds from my house once and for all. To put it this way, it’s not worth anything but a shirt, a pair of pants, a razor or something, but Turing couldn’t stand it and went to the police station to turn Murray in. It was a very memorable day, because it was the day before, and the day after, the Queen Elizabeth took over.
How did you two know each other? How did he steal from you? The fact that Turing was gay and he was not ashamed that he was guilty and that the State had no right to interfere in my private life. You can say that to today, when English law expressly stated that homosexuality was an offence and a prison sentence, but Turing felt fine.
What about the police? All are equal before the law. I’m sorry. Take you to court. The British intellectual community, even in the United States, has gone out to save Turing, claiming that he is very useful to the country and that he cannot go to jail and delay research. But the law, especially Turing’s attitude in court, and he thinks I’m innocent. I’m gay. What can you do with Master? The judge and the jury were provoked.
He’s so tall, so old, and he’s a 19-year-old kid, and you’re the one who happens to have that reaction. And Turing’s in court. Without him, it’s all me. Then, of course, you will be sentenced to two years’ imprisonment.
British law at the time had the option of having to be treated if you did not want to go to prison. At that time, the medical perception of homosexuality was that it was a disease that needed to be treated, but that so-called treatment was the injection of a large amount of estrogen, which in fact was chemical castration.
Turing felt that the programme was acceptable and was willing to receive treatment and not go to prison. But if you ask him, why accept such a humiliating solution? Turing’s answer is simple: I can’t go to jail for two years, which would interrupt my current research.
But do you have any idea what it would do to the body for two years to inject estrogen into the body? In addition to the loss of sexual functions, other functions of the whole body are disrupted. Then Turing developed a pair of breasts, and it is hard to see what kind of suffering he has suffered in these two years, from the mental to the physical.
And it was well known that in June 1954, one day his housekeeper pushed his door open and found him dead in bed, with an apple bit on his head, and tested potassium cyanide. At that time it was judged that Turing had committed suicide and was less than 42 years old.
Since 1861, the British have abolished the death penalty for homosexuals, but life is inevitable. From that day until 1967, for more than a hundred years, homosexual acts were still punishable, with a lighter sentence of two years imprisonment or hard labour. More than 50,000 people were sentenced, both to Turing and to the famous British son of Wilder, who spent two years in hard labour from 1895 to 1897.
In 1967, the British thought it was a private matter. Gays were removed from the list of criminals and handed over to the civil court of ethics. In 2009, British Prime Minister Brown admitted in public for the first time that he was sorry about Turing, and that was a mistake.
By 2013, the British Queen had granted a formal pardon to Turing, which meant that the law was to revoke the judgement of that time and pay tribute to Turing; by 2015, United States law allowed homosexual marriages. More than a hundred years of history is a history of gradual liberalization.
What about Turing? – The Celebrity Archives answer.
I don’t know.
Keep your eyes on the road.
